In Australia, a significant number of students struggle with mathematics, with many falling behind early in their education and rarely catching up. Research indicates that with systematic and high-quality instruction, nearly all students can achieve proficiency in mathematics. Implementing universal early numeracy screening, particularly in Year 1, can identify students at risk of mathematical difficulties, allowing for timely and effective interventions. This approach focuses on assessing ‘number sense’—a foundational skill encompassing number recognition, relationships, and operations—which is predictive of future math success and can be effectively taught. Current assessments in Australian schools lack the efficiency and reliability needed for universal screening. Adopting effective early screening measures can ensure that all students receive the support they need to become confident and successful in mathematics